1. Probable Cause / Reason:
•    High overvoltage from impressed current systems causing coating failure.
•    Sacrificial anodes in excessive quantity leading to disbondment.
•    Incorrect cathodic protection system installation and poor monitoring.
•    Incompatibility between the coating system and cathodic protection methods.

2. Correction / Repair:
•    Identify and remove the affected coating areas down to sound material.
•    Reclean and recoat the surface using compatible coating systems.
•    Adjust cathodic protection settings to recommended levels.
•    Revalidate system installation and optimize the number and placement of anodes.

3. Corrective Action / Prevention:
•    Design and maintain a proper cathodic protection system with regular monitoring.
•    Apply alkali-resistant and compatible coating systems.
•    Use well-placed reference electrodes for effective voltage control.

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